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+/**
+ * @file src/background/webm-remux.ts
+ *
+ * WebM remux pipeline for Plan 01-08 (CONTEXT.md amendment D-14-remux —
+ * disambiguated from the historical "D-14: Not applicable" tab-switch
+ * decision recorded in the original decisions block; see CONTEXT.md
+ * §"Amendment ... D-14-remux: WebM remux via ts-ebml + webm-muxer"
+ * for the canonical statement, B-02 fix). Replaces
+ * `mergeVideoSegments()` in `src/background/index.ts` (which
+ * file-concatenated the offscreen recorder's 3 self-contained ~10 s
+ * WebM segments — producing a multi-EBML-header file that mpv,
+ * Chrome's HTMLMediaElement, and ffprobe's `format=duration` all
+ * truncate to the first segment's local Info.Duration ~9.94 s).
+ *
+ * The new pipeline produces a single-EBML-headered WebM that any
+ * standards-compliant Matroska parser reads as the full ~30 s
+ * timeline. See `.planning/debug/d13-multi-ebml-concat-unplayable.md`
+ * for the byte-level evidence and library-survey rationale that
+ * locked the `ts-ebml` (parse) + `webm-muxer` (write) choice.
+ *
+ * ## Algorithm
+ *
+ * 1. Sort input segments by `timestamp` ascending (defensive — the
+ *    offscreen recorder already emits in order, but a copy+sort is
+ *    cheap relative to the parse/mux pass).
+ * 2. Parse the FIRST segment via `ts-ebml.Decoder` to derive track
+ *    info: PixelWidth, PixelHeight, optional CodecPrivate. Needed
+ *    for the muxer's `video` config.
+ * 3. Create one `Muxer<ArrayBufferTarget>` configured for VP9
+ *    (`codec: 'V_VP9'`) with `type: 'webm'` and
+ *    `firstTimestampBehavior: 'offset'` (forgives a non-zero first
+ *    frame, in case the muxer rejects the first segment's "start
+ *    at 0" timestamp after we add the prior-segment offset).
+ * 4. For each segment, accumulate a `segmentBaseMs` counter and
+ *    feed every SimpleBlock through `addVideoChunkRaw(data, type,
+ *    globalUs)` where `globalUs = (segmentBaseMs + clusterTs +
+ *    blockOffset) * 1_000`. Frame data comes from
+ *    `tools.ebmlBlock(simpleBlock.data).frames` (each SimpleBlock
+ *    typically carries 1 VP9 frame; multi-frame lacing is rare in
+ *    MediaRecorder output but supported here).
+ * 5. After every segment, advance `segmentBaseMs` by that
+ *    segment's measured content duration (last-frame timestamp
+ *    + nominal frame interval).
+ * 6. `muxer.finalize()` → wrap `target.buffer` in a `Blob`.
+ *
+ * ## Style notes
+ *
+ * - Extensive JSDoc per the project's global style guide.
+ * - No `as any`, no `@ts-ignore`. The two libraries' published
+ *   type surfaces (see `node_modules/{ts-ebml,webm-muxer}/`)
+ *   are used directly.
+ * - `if (cond) return ...` guard-clause exceptions to the
+ *   "prefer if-else over early return" project rule are documented
+ *   inline where they appear (empty input, missing track info).
+ *   The user's CLAUDE.md acknowledges guard clauses as a clarity
+ *   exception worth preserving over a deeper indent.
+ * - All diagnostics via `Logger('Remux')` — no bare `console.log`.
+ * - Threat-model note (T-1-08-01, T-1-08-03 in PLAN.md §threat_model):
+ *   ts-ebml + webm-muxer process attacker-influenced bytes (the input
+ *   segments come from the offscreen MediaRecorder, which captures
+ *   whatever screen content the operator picked). Parse failures
+ *   are surfaced as `EmptyVideoBufferError` upstream (via the
+ *   `output.size === 0` branch in `createArchive`), giving the
+ *   operator a clear failure surface rather than a corrupt archive.
+ */
+
+import { Decoder, tools } from 'ts-ebml';
+import { Muxer, ArrayBufferTarget } from 'webm-muxer';
+
+import { Logger } from '../shared/logger';
+import type { VideoSegment } from '../shared/types';
+
+const logger = new Logger('Remux');
+
+/**
+ * Codec identifier the muxer expects for VP9 in the Matroska
+ * codec-id taxonomy. See https://www.matroska.org/technical/codec_specs.html
+ */
+const VP9_MATROSKA_CODEC = 'V_VP9';
+
+/**
+ * Nominal frame interval added after the last frame of each segment
+ * to advance `segmentBaseMs` so the next segment's first frame slots
+ * in just after the prior segment's last frame. Mirrors the
+ * MediaRecorder cadence (`getDisplayMedia` at ~30 fps → 33 ms/frame).
+ * The exact value matters only for the inter-segment gap; +/-3 ms
+ * is invisible at human playback timescales.
+ */
+const NOMINAL_FRAME_INTERVAL_MS = 33;
+
+/**
+ * Fallback frame rate hint for the muxer's `video.frameRate`
+ * field. Used as metadata only — the muxer does not enforce it.
+ */
+const DEFAULT_FRAME_RATE = 30;
+
+/**
+ * Default pixel dimensions when the first segment lacks a usable
+ * Video element. These are conservative — they keep the muxer
+ * happy even if the first segment is malformed. In practice the
+ * MediaRecorder always emits PixelWidth/PixelHeight at segment
+ * head, so this branch is a defense-in-depth fallback.
+ */
+const FALLBACK_PIXEL_WIDTH = 1024;
+const FALLBACK_PIXEL_HEIGHT = 768;
+
+/**
+ * Track info extracted from a segment's Tracks → TrackEntry → Video
+ * subtree. `codecPrivate` is optional because VP9 MediaRecorder
+ * streams generally do not ship one (Chrome derives the VP9 config
+ * from the first keyframe's superframe header).
+ */
+interface TrackInfo {
+  width: number;
+  height: number;
+  codecPrivate?: Uint8Array;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Read the contents of a Blob into an ArrayBuffer. Uses the web
+ * standard `Blob.arrayBuffer()` which is available in Chrome
+ * service-worker context (Chrome 76+) — no fallback needed.
+ *
+ * @param blob - Source Blob.
+ * @returns Promise resolving to the blob's bytes as an ArrayBuffer.
+ */
+async function blobToArrayBuffer(blob: Blob): Promise<ArrayBuffer> {
+  return blob.arrayBuffer();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Convert a Node `Buffer` (which ts-ebml uses internally because
+ * its `ebml` dep is built for Node Buffer) to a `Uint8Array` view
+ * with no copy. Both share the same underlying memory.
+ *
+ * Why: `webm-muxer.addVideoChunkRaw` takes `Uint8Array`. `Buffer`
+ * IS a `Uint8Array` (TypeScript's lib.dom.d.ts encodes this), but
+ * to keep call-site types crisp we narrow explicitly here.
+ *
+ * @param buf - Node Buffer or already-Uint8Array.
+ * @returns The same bytes as a `Uint8Array`.
+ */
+function asUint8Array(buf: Uint8Array): Uint8Array {
+  // Buffer extends Uint8Array — pass through unchanged. The explicit
+  // identity function is a typed-narrowing convenience; the runtime
+  // cost is zero.
+  return buf;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Walk the decoded EBML element list for a segment and pull out
+ * the first Tracks → TrackEntry → Video subtree's PixelWidth,
+ * PixelHeight, and (optional) CodecPrivate. Stops at the first
+ * complete Video subtree; subsequent video tracks are ignored
+ * because Phase 1's MediaRecorder produces exactly one track.
+ *
+ * Returns `null` if no Video subtree was found — caller should
+ * fall back to {@link FALLBACK_PIXEL_WIDTH} / {@link
+ * FALLBACK_PIXEL_HEIGHT} so the muxer can still produce output.
+ *
+ * @param elements - Output of `Decoder.decode(buffer)`.
+ * @returns Track info or null if not derivable.
+ */
+function pickTrackInfoFromSegment(
+  elements: ReturnType<Decoder['decode']>,
+): TrackInfo | null {
+  let inVideo = false;
+  let width: number | null = null;
+  let height: number | null = null;
+  let codecPrivate: Uint8Array | undefined;
+  for (const el of elements) {
+    if (el.name === 'Video' && el.type === 'm') {
+      // Master element: track enter/exit.
+      if (el.isEnd) {
+        // Leaving the Video subtree — if we got both dimensions we're done.
+        if (width !== null && height !== null) {
+          return { width, height, codecPrivate };
+        }
+        inVideo = false;
+      } else {
+        inVideo = true;
+      }
+    } else if (inVideo && el.name === 'PixelWidth' && el.type === 'u') {
+      width = el.value;
+    } else if (inVideo && el.name === 'PixelHeight' && el.type === 'u') {
+      height = el.value;
+    } else if (el.name === 'CodecPrivate' && el.type === 'b') {
+      // CodecPrivate lives at TrackEntry level (sibling of Video),
+      // not inside Video. Pick the first one seen.
+      if (codecPrivate === undefined && el.data) {
+        codecPrivate = asUint8Array(el.data);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (width !== null && height !== null) {
+    return { width, height, codecPrivate };
+  }
+  return null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A single VP9 frame extracted from a segment's SimpleBlock,
+ * paired with its keyframe flag and a per-segment-local
+ * timestamp in milliseconds.
+ */
+interface ExtractedFrame {
+  data: Uint8Array;
+  isKey: boolean;
+  /** Per-segment-local timestamp in milliseconds. */
+  localTimestampMs: number;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Result of {@link extractFramesFromSegment}. `segmentDurationMs`
+ * is the duration the SEGMENT consumed on its own local timeline
+ * (last frame's timestamp + {@link NOMINAL_FRAME_INTERVAL_MS}).
+ * The caller adds this to `segmentBaseMs` so the next segment's
+ * first frame doesn't collide with this segment's last.
+ */
+interface SegmentExtraction {
+  frames: ExtractedFrame[];
+  segmentDurationMs: number;
+  trackInfo: TrackInfo | null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse a segment's ArrayBuffer via ts-ebml and walk its element
+ * tree extracting one {@link ExtractedFrame} per VP9 frame inside
+ * each SimpleBlock. Tracks current Cluster Timestamp so each
+ * frame's `localTimestampMs` is the absolute segment-local time
+ * (cluster timestamp + per-block offset).
+ *
+ * The keyframe flag is taken from `tools.ebmlBlock(buf).keyframe`
+ * which decodes the SimpleBlock's flags byte per the Matroska
+ * spec (bit 7 of the byte after the variable-length track number
+ * and the 16-bit timestamp delta).
+ *
+ * Multi-frame SimpleBlocks (lacing) are flattened — each frame
+ * gets its own `addVideoChunkRaw` call sharing the same
+ * `localTimestampMs`. MediaRecorder under Chrome rarely uses
+ * lacing for VP9 (typical SimpleBlock = 1 frame), but the
+ * implementation handles it correctly.
+ *
+ * @param buffer - The segment's bytes.
+ * @returns Frames + measured segment duration + extracted track info.
+ */
+function extractFramesFromSegment(
+  buffer: ArrayBuffer,
+): SegmentExtraction {
+  const decoder = new Decoder();
+  const elements = decoder.decode(buffer);
+  const trackInfo = pickTrackInfoFromSegment(elements);
+  const frames: ExtractedFrame[] = [];
+  let currentClusterTs = 0;
+  let lastFrameTimestampMs = 0;
+  let inCluster = false;
+  for (const el of elements) {
+    if (el.name === 'Cluster' && el.type === 'm') {
+      if (el.isEnd) {
+        inCluster = false;
+      } else {
+        inCluster = true;
+      }
+    } else if (inCluster && el.name === 'Timestamp' && el.type === 'u') {
+      // Matroska v4 renamed Cluster.Timecode → Cluster.Timestamp.
+      // ts-ebml's schema reflects the rename, so this is the
+      // correct name (not 'Timecode').
+      currentClusterTs = el.value;
+    } else if (el.name === 'SimpleBlock' && el.type === 'b' && el.data) {
+      const sb = tools.ebmlBlock(el.data);
+      const blockGlobalMs = currentClusterTs + sb.timecode;
+      for (const frame of sb.frames) {
+        frames.push({
+          data: asUint8Array(frame),
+          isKey: sb.keyframe,
+          localTimestampMs: blockGlobalMs,
+        });
+        lastFrameTimestampMs = blockGlobalMs;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // Segment duration covers the last frame plus a nominal interval
+  // — the next segment's first frame slots in just after.
+  const segmentDurationMs =
+    frames.length === 0 ? 0 : lastFrameTimestampMs + NOMINAL_FRAME_INTERVAL_MS;
+  return { frames, segmentDurationMs, trackInfo };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Remux a sequence of self-contained WebM `VideoSegment` blobs
+ * into a single WebM Blob with one EBML header and one Segment
+ * element. Each input segment carries its own EBML+Segment+
+ * Cluster tree (output of `MediaRecorder.start()` →
+ * `dataavailable` → `MediaRecorder.stop()` cycle); the output
+ * concatenates every VP9 frame across all input segments into a
+ * single Matroska timeline with monotonically increasing
+ * timestamps.
+ *
+ * Empty input is handled defensively (returns an empty Blob —
+ * the upstream `EmptyVideoBufferError` throw in
+ * `src/background/index.ts:createArchive` catches that and
+ * surfaces RECORDING_ERROR to the popup; this function is also
+ * safe in isolation).
+ *
+ * Caller contract:
+ *   - Input segments must be self-contained WebM bytes per
+ *     D-13's restart-segments lifecycle.
+ *   - Input order is normalized internally (sorted by
+ *     `timestamp` ascending — defensive copy).
+ *   - Output type is `video/webm`.
+ *
+ * @param segments - Sequence of WebM segments produced by the
+ *   offscreen MediaRecorder rotation lifecycle.
+ * @returns Single-EBML-headered WebM Blob covering every VP9
+ *   frame across all input segments with adjusted monotonic
+ *   timestamps.
+ */
+export async function remuxSegments(segments: VideoSegment[]): Promise<Blob> {
+  // Guard clause exception: empty input is the most common
+  // failure surface in the saveArchive path, and the early-return
+  // body is one statement long — clearer than nesting the entire
+  // remux inside an else.
+  if (segments.length === 0) {
+    logger.log('Empty input — returning empty Blob');
+    return new Blob([], { type: 'video/webm' });
+  }
+
+  const sorted = [...segments].sort((a, b) => a.timestamp - b.timestamp);
+  logger.log(
+    `Remuxing ${sorted.length} segments; sizes:`,
+    sorted.map((s) => s.data.size),
+  );
+
+  // First-pass extraction of all segments. We need the FIRST
+  // segment's trackInfo for the muxer config before we can start
+  // pushing chunks, so it's cleanest to extract everything up
+  // front and then drive the muxer in a second pass with the
+  // monotonic timestamps. Memory cost is modest (~3 × ~10 s of
+  // VP9 frame bytes ≈ same as the input total ~1.5 MB).
+  const extractions: SegmentExtraction[] = [];
+  for (const seg of sorted) {
+    const ab = await blobToArrayBuffer(seg.data);
+    const extraction = extractFramesFromSegment(ab);
+    extractions.push(extraction);
+    logger.log(
+      `Segment ts=${seg.timestamp}: ${extraction.frames.length} frames, ` +
+        `duration=${extraction.segmentDurationMs}ms, ` +
+        `trackInfo=${
+          extraction.trackInfo
+            ? `${extraction.trackInfo.width}x${extraction.trackInfo.height}`
+            : 'null'
+        }`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  // Pick track info from the FIRST segment that exposes one.
+  // Fallback to conservative defaults — the muxer needs *some*
+  // width/height in its video config or the output WebM will
+  // refuse to play.
+  let pickedTrackInfo: TrackInfo | null = null;
+  for (const extraction of extractions) {
+    if (extraction.trackInfo !== null) {
+      pickedTrackInfo = extraction.trackInfo;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  if (pickedTrackInfo === null) {
+    logger.warn(
+      `pickTrackInfoFromSegment returned null for all ${extractions.length} segments — ` +
+        `falling back to ${FALLBACK_PIXEL_WIDTH}x${FALLBACK_PIXEL_HEIGHT}`,
+    );
+  }
+  const trackInfo: TrackInfo = pickedTrackInfo ?? {
+    width: FALLBACK_PIXEL_WIDTH,
+    height: FALLBACK_PIXEL_HEIGHT,
+  };
+
+  const target = new ArrayBufferTarget();
+  const muxer = new Muxer({
+    target,
+    video: {
+      codec: VP9_MATROSKA_CODEC,
+      width: trackInfo.width,
+      height: trackInfo.height,
+      frameRate: DEFAULT_FRAME_RATE,
+    },
+    // No `audio` block — Phase 1 SPEC §9 / CAP-01 excludes audio.
+    type: 'webm',
+    firstTimestampBehavior: 'offset',
+  });
+
+  let segmentBaseMs = 0;
+  let totalFramesEmitted = 0;
+  for (const extraction of extractions) {
+    for (const frame of extraction.frames) {
+      const globalMs = segmentBaseMs + frame.localTimestampMs;
+      const globalUs = globalMs * 1_000;
+      // EncodedVideoChunkMetadata.decoderConfig.codec is required by
+      // the WebCodecs typing (lib.dom.d.ts VideoDecoderConfig).
+      // 'vp09.00.10.08' is the canonical WebCodecs codec string for
+      // VP9 Profile 0, level 1.0, 8-bit — the published Chrome
+      // default for MediaRecorder VP9 output. Only attached when a
+      // CodecPrivate was actually extracted (T-trackInfo path). For
+      // MediaRecorder-produced segments this branch is rare —
+      // Chrome's published VP9 stream omits CodecPrivate and the
+      // muxer derives parameters from the first keyframe.
+      const meta = trackInfo.codecPrivate
+        ? {
+            decoderConfig: {
+              codec: 'vp09.00.10.08',
+              description: trackInfo.codecPrivate,
+            },
+          }
+        : undefined;
+      muxer.addVideoChunkRaw(
+        frame.data,
+        frame.isKey ? 'key' : 'delta',
+        globalUs,
+        meta,
+      );
+      totalFramesEmitted++;
+    }
+    segmentBaseMs += extraction.segmentDurationMs;
+  }
+
+  muxer.finalize();
+  const outputBuffer = target.buffer;
+  const outputBlob = new Blob([outputBuffer], { type: 'video/webm' });
+  logger.log(
+    `Remux complete: ${totalFramesEmitted} frames, ` +
+      `total timeline=${segmentBaseMs}ms, output=${outputBlob.size} bytes`,
+  );
+  return outputBlob;
+}